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Reprinted dark energy be true
Rosja « Przeprowadzka, czyli Magda i Przemek w podróży |
Author Timothy? Clifton (Timothy Clifton)
Pedro Lo? G? Ferreira (Pedro G. Ferreira)
translation Yu Chun
accelerated expansion is an illusion?
● universe is accelerating expansion seems that there is a strange universe of unknown form of energy - dark energy. The problem is, no one knows what dark energy in the end.
● cosmologists may not need to resort to what dark energy. If we live in a universe of material density is lower than average space area, the rate of expansion of the universe would be different with the position change, which may be mistaken for a swelling rate of acceleration in the passage of time.
● In most cosmologists seem, super-giant hole universe seems very tricky, but also very Kaopu dark energy. Observational data the next few years will determine who is right that the two statements.
large scale mass density of the different result in non-uniform expansion of space, astronomers may have observed are usually attributed to dark energy effect.
the greatest revolution in the scientific community, often by between reality and the expectations triggered by the slightest difference. 16th century, Copernicus the Earth is not the center of the universe, the basis of his argument seems to many people at the time, but some movement of celestial objects esoteric minutiae. Today, a new scientific revolution,moncler clothing, has been 11 years ago with the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe began. Supernova light on the nuances, gave its astronomers concluded: all the material elements constitute the universe of which, 70% is completely unknown. In other words, space filled with a different composition of any substance - they have driven expansion of the universe, rather than hinder the expansion, as other substances. This component is called dark energy (dark energy).
10 years have passed, some cosmologists are still on the existence of dark energy was incredible, even those who initially began to rethink their basic assumptions derived dark energy. One hypothesis is the product of the early scientific revolution - Copernicus theory (Copernican principle). The principle that the earth is neither the location of center of the universe, nor any special about. If we abandon this basic principle, set to explain the observed phenomena of the universe who do not require the help of dark energy picture, it will amazingly appear.
Most people are very familiar with such a concept: our planet is but a cosmic dust, in a nondescript galaxy near the edge, surrounded by an ordinary stellar rotation. In our universe, at least tens of billions of similar galaxies, and broad distribution of the universe even more than our horizon (cosmic horizon, that is the farthest we can observe the border) - which makes us believe that their position in the universe there is no unique between. However, there is little evidence to support such a humble world view? How can we determine if they are in a unique position to do? Astronomers usually skip these questions, assume that our little obvious, do not need to be further explored. We may indeed in a special place in the universe - to consider the possibility that many people seem inconceivable. However, this is the number of physicists around the world recently, it is seriously thinking point of view.
Ironically, the assumption that their insignificant in the universe, cosmologists precisely to provide a strong explanatory power. According to the Copernican theory of the universe made of Principles of induction (cosmological principle) claim that: any time, from the space looked in any direction at any point, the universe look the same. The assumption that we can see their own corner of the things in the universe extrapolated to the entire universe. Cosmologists have made great efforts to cosmological principle as the foundation built up to represent the highest standards of scientific cosmological model. Modern science of space, time and material understanding, Principles of the universe suggest: that space is expanding, the universe is cold, which is full of ruins from the fiery beginning of the universe - all of these predictions are confirmed by astronomical observations 11.
example, astronomers found that distant galaxies made of light seems to light than the nearby galaxies is more red hair of some. This is called red shift (redshift) of the phenomenon can explain the use of space for expansion to clever, because the spatial expansion of light waves will be stretched accordingly. Microwave detectors also found very early universe radiation - cosmic microwave background (cosmic microwave background). This fireball remains of the original big bang, like a curtain wrapped in a layer of space in all directions, smooth as to be almost perfect. In fairness,GHD hair straighteners, the successful interpretation of these phenomena, we regard themselves as humble attitude is a credit - assuming his position in the universe the more important, the more we can \
darkness falls
distant supernovae are always hidden in the scientist's expectations, if insisted cosmological principle, which means that dark energy exists in the universe.
being the case,versace handbags, why can not we complacent? If the cosmological principle is really so successful, why should we question it? The problem is that recent astronomical observations have some very strange results. Over the past decade, astronomers found that the degree to determine the redshift of distant supernovae, the observed brightness is always dark than expected. Redshift supernova explosion has been marked since its rate of expansion space. Measured the red shift of distant supernova light level, cosmologists can infer that when the supernova explosion the size of the universe much smaller than today. The higher redshift supernovae, which exploded when the smaller size of the universe, so that time until now, the greater rate of expansion of the universe.
brightness of supernova observations provided us with a way to measure our distance from it to reveal a supernova explosion long ago. If a supernova's redshift level has been determined, but it looked so bright lower than expected,鞋带有14种系法，有些很漂亮啊 并且操作简单, the distance between supernova astronomers can do better than that farther. It is made of light takes longer to spread to us, which means that the size of the universe was expanding from the size now, must have spent a longer time (see right page). Therefore, the expansion of the universe in the past a certain speed than scientists previously expected slower. In fact, the distant supernova looks very dark, so to speed up the expansion of the universe to catch up with its current expansion rate.
This accelerated expansion has sparked a revolution in cosmology: the physical universe to attract the time and space of the structure, so that inflation slowing, but the supernova data suggest that the opposite is true. If cosmologists accept the cosmological principle, and assume that the accelerating expansion occurs throughout the universe, we can come to this conclusion: the universe must be filled with a kind of energy can produce strange repulsive force - dark energy.
the physicists to describe the standard model of elementary particles and forces, there is no thing consistent with dark energy. This is a not yet been directly observed in the material, its nature is different from anything we have ever seen, the energy density than the simplest idea can make 120 orders of magnitude lower (according to quantum field theory derived from a vacuum energy, the energy density of dark energy of 10 120 times). For the dark energy might be what physicists have some ideas, but still entirely speculative. In short,koss headphones, the dark energy, we can almost be said to know nothing about. Regardless of what dark energy might be, researchers are working a series of ambitious and costly task of ground and space exploration, to search for dark energy and determine its nature. For many people, this is the most modern cosmology is facing daunting challenges.
Copernican theory that the legacy of
Copernicus, the Earth is not in the universe, a particular position. The universe has a uniform density (uniform), to look at the past, the same in any direction (isotropic).
this principle even though very influential, but only in much larger than the scale of galaxies. After all, if completely uniform,north face jackets, the universe will become a pot of thin atomic \In addition, this principle applies only to space, but not to time. We do live in a specific period - from the Big Bang long enough to make complex life to form; it close enough from the big bang, which is still shining stars in the universe, not all out.
Copernicus is often regarded as a symbol, marks the human from all important position to be voted out. However, the University of British Columbia historian Dennis? Danielson (Dennis Danielson) that, while the Europeans before Copernicus, the Earth placed center of the universe, but they do not believe that this center is an important position, just On the contrary - with the words of Galileo, there is only \
Shining Path
enough if we live in a big giant hole inside the universe to explain supernova observations can totally do not need dark energy.
the face of such incredible, it seems unlikely that the existence of dark energy, some researchers began to rethink the \position in the universe in the end is not very common, we observed the phenomenon can not be extended to the entire universe? If the cosmological principle aside, there is evidence of dark energy can not otherwise be able to explain?
described in traditional cosmology, the \Like talking about a balloon is inflated: we say that filling the balloon to a much,One I should seriously study the words of the clas, refers to the size of the balloon, and not specific to the balloon inflated the number of each piece. However, we have seen a number of occasions at the party balloon bizarre, their expansion is not uniform. Such as strip balloon inflated, the side of the circle will rapidly expand, and then will be to drum up some long strips of the other end of the extension of the past. Principles of the universe in the abandoned another point of view of cosmology, the space can also be uneven expansion. A universe far more complex picture of this surface.
Let us look at following this model, which is the University of Cape Town, South Africa (University of Cape Town) George? Ellis (George Ellis), Charles? Hera ratio ( Charles Hellaby) and Nadhim? Mustafa (Nazeem Mustapha) was first proposed, was later Paris - Meudon Observatory (Paris-Meudon Observatory) Mary - Noelle? Celerier (Marie-Noelle Célérier ) for further development: First, assume that inflation is slowing down throughout the universe, because substance always attract time and space, to prevent it from expanding outward; then, assuming we live in a universe of super-massive giant hole (cosmic void) into - - giant hole inside is not empty, but the average mass density is only half or one third of the other places. A more open space areas, internal included, can slow down the expansion of the physical space less; Therefore, inside the giant hole expansion rate faster than other places - the middle of the most rapid expansion, the more close to the edge of the slower expansion, because the giant outside of the high density region near the edge has already begun play. Any moment, different parts of the expansion rate of space is not the same as those strangely shaped uneven balloon expansion as when.
envisage a number of supernovae in the universe in this uneven location of the outbreak of the different, and some huge holes near the center of some huge holes near the edge, there are huge holes in the outside. If we are close to the giant hole center, a supernova farther away, it is around the space, the slower expansion rate. It sends the light in the course of our transmission, the speed through the expansion of the region faster. Light through each piece of the regional, spatial expansion will bring a little light stretching, which had a cumulative effect that we observed red shift. Light propagation in such a universe, the red shift resulting from a certain distance, than at the same speed (that is, the expansion of our peripheral speed), the overall expansion of the universe produced slightly lower redshifts. Conversely, light in such a universe to reach a certain redshift, it must spread from the line than the expansion rate of the universe in light of the propagation distance longer - that is, supernova must be farther away from us, thus appears darker.
In other words, this model changes in the inflation rate from the time of \In this way, the introduction of dark energy, cosmologists do not need to be able to explain \In order for this \The scope of supernova observations has been extended to several billion light-years away, occupied the entire observable universe, a great part. To explain these observations, the size of the giant hole must reach a similar scale. No matter who's standards, which are sufficient to be called \
author Timothy
? Clifton (left) and Pedro LO? G? Ferreira (right) are the University of Oxford cosmologist. The same field of study they are the early universe physics and Einstein's general theory of relativity correction model of potential.
Clifton also keen on wine, he said, the real life so he was interested in Burgundy wine. Ferreira is the best-selling book of astronomy, \
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This article is reproduced from: Global Science (Scientific American): Dark Energy be true
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